My Tectonic Strain Theory is alive and well – a Blog by Dr. M.A. Persinger.
Despite claims to the contrary, there have been a number of replications, corroborations, and validations of my work with the Tectonic Strain Theory from several independent researchers.
Misleading claims that my work with Tectonic Strain Theory has not been replicated are based on the mistaken belief that its based on experiments. Instead, the theory is based on a series of statistical analyses (replication procedures are for experiments, not statistical arguments). To “replicate” a statistical study, one only has to obtain the data, and perform the necessary calculations. In such a case, it would be more properly said to have been “corroborated” or “validated”, not replicated. Critics, wanting to disparage my work in this field, have pointed to a “Haunted Room” experiment, and incorrectly implied that it was a test of my work on the relationship between geomagnetic conditions and the propensity to report paranormal and other unusual experiences.
Question: Does Christopher
French’s “haunted room study” have anything to do with your tectonic strain theory or the way you study the role of the earth’s magnetic field in paranormal experiences?
Answer: No. French’s experiment has little (if any) relationship to the tectonic strain theory, which explains with the creation of luminosities (“lights in the sky”) before earthquakes. We have found that these correlate with UFO sightings. We’ve also seen similar correlations with apparitions and other phenomena. In brief, this theory tells us that electrical and magnetic fields produced by the bedrock while its being strained by the pressure that’s eventually discharged by an earthquake create luminous displays, like earth lights, ball lightning, and sometimes dramatic lights in the sky. We also find that these fields can create unstable conditions in the brain, especially the deep portions of the temporal lobes. This instability can lead to hallucinatory experiences which people interpret in terms of their cultural and learning history as well as their private beliefs, so they are interpreted and then seen as spirits, the Virgin Mary, angels, alien spacecraft or ghosts. This idea has recently been independently proposed by another researcher, who hypothesizes that “ball lightning” may induce hallucinations (Edwards, 2010). My first publication in the field (1976) used the same concept to explain UFO reports.
The God Helmet is an example of “complex magnetic” neural technology. Trying to imitate its effects, French’s experiment consisted of trying to construct a “haunted room” by building a room and filling it with magnetic signals and infrasound. The experiment did not succeed. French is a well-known skeptic, but not experienced in the proper use of the “complex magnetic” neural stimulation we use in our lab. We have been able to successfully perform several experiments inducing paranormal experiences,
We have also induced apparitions, including a ghost, in our lab.
French’s experiment used a wave pattern that could not have created the conditions for synthetic paranormal experiences because he was not able to generate the appropriate point durations we use in our lab. The point durations (how long each bit of the signal lasts) are so important that altering them makes them ineffective. I e-mailed him and offered to share the equipment but he declined, and instead chose to develop his own apparatus, including a procedure in which “The … burst pattern was generated by constructing a table of values from (a) graph of the waveform used and then converting these numeric values…” (French, et al., 2008)
The graph French refers to here is a graph of point (X axis) and Field strength (Y axis). However, the graph doesn’t display the durations of the points on the X axis. We have kept that specific parameter flexible in order to allow experimentation with different point (or pixel) durations. Incorrect point durations will yield ineffective signals. Our many experiments with varying point durations have shown us that precision in this regard is critical. A metaphor may be helpful here. It is as though we hear the phrase “clean the turpentine brushes” as “queen a serpentine buses”. The majority of the phonemes may be correct, but the information content will be absent, and the communication cannot initiate an appropriate response.
My colleague Todd Murphy, who has developed multiple systems that effectively deliver our (complex magnetic) signals points out in a brief web posting that Christopher French used the “Goldwave” audio editor to render his signals. Professor Murphy used this same method early in 1999 for the first draft of his signals, which did not work. His signals became effective only after he introduced his proprietary methods for developing the signals the following year. We validated their effectiveness in a paper published in 2004. The techniques used to render effective audio equivalents to our (God Helmet) signals were not applied in French’s Study. Prof. Murphy informs me that his signals were drafted eighteen times overall.
French (at al.) edited his signal “into a 16-bit wav file using Goldwave (software) at a sample rate of 1000 Hz for playback via the computer’s soundcard.” It may be relevant that Murphy’s signals do not use this sampling rate.
Subjects in our experiments are informed that they are participating in a “relaxation experiment”. French’s subjects were “… informed in advance that they might experience unusual sensations whilst in the chamber …”. The difference in “priming” may have predisposed his subjects towards apprehensiveness, and facilitated arousal, which we have found reduces effect sizes.
It may also be relevant that the background sound levels in the French study were significantly above the values we require to obtain the sensed presence. That’s why we employ the echoic (acoustically silent) chamber. When we first started the research 30 years ago we employed New Age Music while the fields were presented and found the sensed presence was actually reduced. That’s why music was removed from the protocol. In addition, because the temporal lobes are discerning the applied fields (as are neuroimaging profiles indicate) sound pressure from any source is also represented within the temporal lobes, and interferes with the effect. A significant portion of default mode temporal lobe excitation functions to monitor ambient sound. Employing a truly silent environment recruits this activity into the neural responses to the signals.
Perhaps the most important difference between our procedures and those employed by French (at al.) is that they used a room to apply the signals, while we utilize a helmet, designed for the human head. Our equipment allows us to apply our signals to either the left or right temporal lobes or both. This allows us to perform our stimulation sessions with more than one hemispheric presentation. Our “sensed presence” protocol involves stimulation of one hemisphere (the right) with one signal (derived from a “chirp” sequence) followed by another signal over both hemispheres. This optimal design for eliciting the sensed presence has been published in the literature.
Utilizing an entire room to apply the signals means that 1) brain regions outside the temporal lobes are not excluded from the stimulation, and 2) it becomes impossible to target only one of the temporal lobes, as we commonly do in our work. In fact, we have applied our signals in the context of a whole room, and found that whole-body exposures have minimal effects, if any, even when the signals are correctly configured. We did not publish the study, due to its trivial character, and the non-trivial efforts required by scientific journals for publications.
There are a few online sources that mistakenly claim that our work in this area has not been replicated. This is not the case.
Several kinds of research combine to support our geophysical research in this area. The US Geological Survey has reported earth lights appearing with earthquakes.
Several researchers have confirmed our ideas about “earthlights”, and the idea has, in fact, become commonly-accepted (as for example in Smithsonian Magazine), though there continues to be debate on the subject. A direct replication of some of my research appears in a study by Thériault (2014) titled “Prevalence of Earthquake Lights Associated with Rift Environments” in Seismological Research Letters.
NASA now recognizes earthquake lights as earthquake precursors (Bluck, 2001).
“When the rocks in the Earth’s crust crackle and buckle under the onslaught of tectonic forces, the charges that are dormant in them are set free. They give rise to a dazzling array of phenomena, long known to mankind and even part of folklore in earthquake-prone regions around the globe,” said Freund. “These phenomena range from anomalous electric and magnetic signals, to ‘earthquake lights’ that illuminate the mountain tops and strange animal behavior as well as ionospheric effects that impact how radio waves travel over long distances.”
Japanese researchers (Takaki, 1998) have also observed “Change in seismic stress releases piezo-compensating, bound charges due to changes in the piezoelectric polarization of quartz grains in granitic rocks, which produces an intense electric field at the fault zone. The excited or ionized molecules by free electrons accelerated under the electric field produce luminous phenomena in the atmosphere” They also proposed “A model of dark discharge in the atmosphere before a large earthquake was proposed to elucidate the mechanism of generation of earthquake lightning and related electroatmospheric phenomena. Change in seismic stress releases piezo-compensating, bound charges due to changes in the piezoelectric polarization of quartz grains in granitic rocks, which produces an intense electric field at the fault zone.
Researchers at Rutgers University have carried out experiments that support the concept of earthquake lights by emulating earthquake conditions in the lab (Shinbrot, 2012). These are reported as often being mistaken for UFOs, as predicted by my tectonic strain theory of unusual events.
John Derr, a pioneer in this field of study, was one of the first to propose that geophysical strain could explain earthlights, and other luminous phenomena (Derr, 1986).
Paul Deveraux has published several books of his independent investigations showing the association of these earth lights with paranormal phenomena, which constitutes a replication and confirmation of my work in this area.
To summarize, Christopher French’s “haunted room” experiment was not a test of the tectonic strain theory in any way. This theory has been independently validated, both in its geophysical hypothesis (that geological strain prior to earthquakes produces earth lights) and its power to explain paranormal (apparitions and UFOs) phenomena.
The theory met with criticism from one researcher soon after it was published, and I published a reply.
I hope this blog will help to clarify my Tectonic Strain Theory, and to underscore that I am far from alone in these concepts.
Dr. Michael A. Persinger
Full Professor
Behavioural Neuroscience, Biomolecular Sciences and Human Studies
Departments of Psychology and Biology
Laurentian University,
Sudbury, Ontario, Canada P3E 2C6
Email: mpersinger@laurentian.ca and drpersinger@neurocog.ca
NOTE: This blog is hosted by a colleague.
References – (open in new windows):
French CC, et al., “The “Haunt” project: An attempt to build a “haunted” room by manipulating complex electromagnetic fields and infrasound”, Cortex (2008), j.cortex.2007.10.011.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18635163/
Persinger, M. A., Transient geophysical bases for ostensible UFO-related phenomena and associated verbal behavior? Perceptual and Motor Skills, 1976, 43, 215-221.
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.2466/pms.1976.43.1.215
Edwards, Lin: “Ball lightning may sometimes be explained as hallucinations” Phys.org, May 13th, 2010
https://phys.org/news/2010-05-ball-lightning-hallucinations.html
Robert Thériault, France St-Laurent, Friedemann T. Freund and John S. Derr “Prevalence of Earthquake Lights Associated with Rift Environments” Seismological Research Letters, 2014 V. 85, No. 1 Pg. 159-178
[PDF] researchgate.net
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15527205/
Persinger Michael A, “The Neuropsychiatry of Paranormal Experiences” Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 13:4, Fall 2001
https://neuro.psychiatryonline.org/doi/10.1176/jnp.13.4.515
Bluck , John NASA press release.
https://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/news/releases/2001/01_100AR.html
Shunji Takaki, Motoji Ikeya “A Dark Discharge Model of Earthquake Lightning” Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 09/1998; 37(9A):5016-5020.
https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1143/JJAP.37.5016
Troy Shinbrot, Nam H. Kim, and N. Nirmal Thyagu “Electrostatic precursors to granular slip events” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2012 vol. 109 no. 27 10806–10810
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22689956/
P. Devereux, “Earthquake Lights Revelation,” Blandford, London, 1989.
Derr, John S. “Rock mechanics: Luminous phenomena and their relationship to rock fracture” Nature 321, 470 – 471 (29 May 1986)
https://www.nature.com/articles/321470a0
Corroborating studies:
Lipnicki DM. “An association between geomagnetic activity and dream bizarreness.” Medical Hypotheses. 2009 Jul;73(1):115-7.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19303220/
Conesa J. “Isolated sleep paralysis, vivid dreams and geomagnetic influences: II. Perceptual and Motor Skills. 1997 Oct;85(2):579-84.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9347546/
Rapoport SI, Boldypakova TD, Malinovskaia NK, Oraevski? VN, Meshcheriakova SA, Breus TK, Sosnovski? AM. “Magnetic storms as a stress factor.” Biofizika [Biophysics]. 1998 Jul-Aug;43(4):632-9.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9783070/
Dimitrova S, Stoilova I, Cholakov I. “Influence of local geomagnetic storms on arterial blood pressure.” Bioelectromagnetics. 2004 Sep;25(6):408-14.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15300726/
Haraldsson, Erlendur; Gissurarson, Loftur R. “Does geomagnetic activity effect extrasensory perception? Personality and individual differences”, 1987, v8 (n5):745-747
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0191886987900766
Berk M, Dodd S, Henry M. “Do ambient electromagnetic fields affect behaviour? A demonstration of the relationship between geomagnetic storm activity and suicide” Bioelectromagnetics. 2005 Nov 22;27(2):151-155
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/bem.20190
Raps A, Stoupel E, Shimshoni M. “Geophysical variables and behavior: LXIX. Solar activity and admission of psychiatric patients”. Perceptual and Motor Skills. 1992 Apr;74(2):449-50.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1594404/
An Incomplete Bibliography of my papers on geomagnetic effects:
Persinger, Michael A. “Geophysical variables and behavior: XXX. Intense paranormal experiences during days of quiet, global geomagnetic activity” Perceptual and Motor Skills 1985 Aug v61 (n1): 320-322
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.2466/pms.1985.61.1.320
Arango, Manuel A.; Persinger, Michael A. “Geophysical Variables and Human Behavior: LII Decreased Geomagnetic Activity and spontaneous Telepathic Experiences from the Sedgwick collection. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 1988 Dec v67 (n3):907-909
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.2466/pms.1988.67.3.907
Persinger, Michael ; Krippner, Stanley. “Dream ESP and Geomagnetic Activity” Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research, 1989 Apr v83 (n2):101-116.
https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1990-16038-001
Makarec, K.; Persinger, Michael A. Geophysical variables and behavior XLIII “Negative correlation between Geophysical Variables between accuracy of card-guessing and geomagnetic activity: A Case Study” Perceptual and Motor Skills, 1987 Aug, v65 (n1) 105-106
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.2466/pms.1987.65.1.105
Gearhart, Livingston; Persinger, M.A. Geophysical variables and behavior XXXIII. Onsets of historical and contemporary poltergeist episodes occurred with sudden increases in geomagnetic activity. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 1986 Apr v62 (n2) 463-466
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3503252/
Persinger MA. “Out-of-body-like experiences are more probable in people with elevated complex partial epileptic-like signs during periods of enhanced geomagnetic activity: a nonlinear effect.” Perceptual and Motor Skills. 1995 Apr; v80 (2):563-9.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7675591/
Schaut, George B. Persinger, Michael A. “Subjective telepathic experiences, geomagnetic activity, and the elf hypothesis: I Data Analysis” PSI Research, 1958 Mar, v4 (n1):4-20
https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1985-26876-001
Berger R.E.; Persinger, M.A. “Geophysical variables and behavior: LXVII. Quieter annual geomagnetic Activity and effect Size for Experimental psi (ESP) studies over six decades”. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 1991 Dec, v73 (n3, Pt2 Spec issue):1219-1223
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.2466/pms.1991.73.3f.907
Persinger, Michael A.; Nolan, Michael “Geophysical variables and behavior XX. “Weekly numbers of mining accidents and the weather matrix: The importance of geomagnetic variation and barometric pressure. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 1984 Dec, v59 (n3):719-722
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.2466/pms.1984.59.3.719
Lewicki, Dougals R.; Schaut, George H; Persinger, Michael A. “Geophysical variables and behavior XLIV. Days of subjective precognitive experiences and the days before the actual events display correlated geomagnetic activity” Perceptual and Motor Skills, 1987, aug, v65 (n1):173-174
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.2466/pms.1987.65.1.173
Persinger, Michael A. “Geophysical variables and behavior: L Indications of a tectonic strain factor in the Rutlidge (UFO) observations during 1973 in southwest Missouri” Perceptual and Motor Skills, 1988 Oct, v67 (n2): 571-575
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.2466/pms.1988.67.2.571
Persinger, M.A.; Derr, J.S. “Geophysical variables and behavior: XXII. Relations between UFO reports within the Uinta Basin and local seismicity” Perceptual and Motor Skills 1985, Feb; 60 (1) :143-152
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3982923/
Persinger, M.A.; Derr, J.S. “Geophysical variables and behavior: XXXII. Evaluations of UFO reports in an area of infrequent seismicity: The Carmen, Manitoba episode.” Perceptual and Motor Skills, 1985 Dec, v61 (n3, Pt1): 807-813
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.2466/pms.1985.61.3.807
Derr, J.S.; Persinger, M.A. “Geophysical variables and behavior: LXXVI. Seasonal hydrological load and regional luminous phenomena (UFO reports) within river systems, the Mississippi Valley test” Perceptual and Motor Skills, 1993 Dec, v77 (n3, Pt62), 1163-1170
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.2466/pms.1993.77.3f.1163
Matteson, Dan; Persinger, M.A. “Geophysical variables and behavior: XXXV. Positive correlations between numbers of UFO reports and earthquake activity in Sweden.” Perceptual and Motor Skills, 1986 Oct, v63 (n2, Pt2) 921-922
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.2466/pms.1986.63.2.921
Persinger, M.A.; Derr, J.S. “Geophysical variables and behavior: LXII. Temporal coupling of UFO reports and seismic energy release within the Rio Grande rift system: discrimative validity of the tectonic strain theory.” Perceptual and Motor Skills, 1990 Oct, v71 (n2): 567-57
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.2466/pms.1990.71.2.567
Persinger, M.A.; Derr, J.S. “Geophysical variables and behavior: XIX Strong temporal relationships between inclusive seismic measures and UFO reports within Washington state”. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 1984, 59, 551-566
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.2466/pms.1984.59.2.551
John S. Derr & Michal A. Persinger “Geophysical Variables and Behavior: LIV. Zeitoun (Egypt) Apparations of the Virgin Mary as Tectonic Strain-induced Luminosities”. Perceptual and Motor Skills 1989, 68, 123-128
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2648309/
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